فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 8، پاییز 1389)

In general, the basic precondition of every country’s development is the development of its human resources and their education. Edaucation, and in particular education of citizenship, is the main factor in improvement of development processes (however it is not the only factor). Additionally, educationof citizenship may play a significant part in perfect participation of mass population in their improvement and in their active supervision with regard to social, economical, political and cultural changes.Education of citizenship is of the established and familiar concepts in the formal and informal educational systems at national and international levels that many discussions and researches have been carried out about, as significant attempts have been made in recent decades in various related fields and ultimately could draw attention towards education of citizenship importance and its widespread and deep effect on the economical, social and cultural development of nations. It can be concluded that development has to be the center of focus in all education of citizenship programs and because formation of the infrastructure of urban development and consequently of national development depends on development in each of the social, cultural, political, economical, and environmental sectors, education seems necessary to achieve development in all the above mentioned sectors. And since human beings are considered as the axis of development i.e. citizens build the infrastructure of development, the need to train and educate human beings in different dimensions seems more and more significant.

Undubtedly work fovce was considered as most fundamental factor of production and thenefare many developed and developing contnies with professioned foresight planed development of production factors and naturauy their ptoduction structure and development based development centraity of human resources.Best we of woreforce in each society involve correct understand and recongnition of each parts. This article that was writted using field and librares searches,first was paid attention to considering Semnan different ecanamic parts and its pvediction for peviods of 10-15 years,and then we cansidery Semnan different economic parts titled agricultur(and its us parts),industriey and mine and servies and explained semnan role in 1365,1375,1385 traingular diagram with its change model. Then,place confficents of economic fundamental parts were appointed,and using Izar liner and transversal descriptive model with analyzinr Semnan economic structure as amongparts in semnan and inter parts with reference level(totall contry),employment changes were considered during three decade, also predicted employment in three main parts of Semnan using shift-share change model and finally three scanerios were provided for prediction future structure of main jobs in 1395-1400.

A new concept in the present era is “Social Capital”. Following this new concept, the planning methods have shaped based on people's contribution and sustainable development, focusing on factors such as social capital evaluation, sustainability, flexibility, and contributory indices. Therefore, each region considering its relative advantages has gained relative independency on its economic policies. In this paper the concept of “Social Capital” consists of two components, namely, construct and understanding components. The construct component facilitates the interest performance of the both sides, and the understanding component develops and strengthens positive bilateral interdependency.These two components have been considered in order to measure “Social Capital”. Factors such as group membership, mutual support, differences, and services have been put into construct component and indices such as reliance, unity, and contradiction have been placed into construct component. To analyze the data and to test the hypotheses, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Multi-variable Regression were applied. Data were collected in 18 villages in Posht-e-Ab district, Sistan which were selected by random sampling. In all these villages 365 individuals who were all family heads were interviewed randomly. The results showed that the higher level of social capital led to the higher level of life standard satisfaction. Thus social capital, comparing to demographic variables such as age, occupation, etc. is a better determiner for life standard satisfaction.

Tourism is an industry that it’s development needs enough recognition and knowledge from the problems and economical, social and cultural effective factors. There would be no possibility for planning and scientific prevision without awareness from the facilities in each region. Indeed, knowing the natural, economical, social and other capacities in each region, gives the programmer the possibility of identification of the development and it’s direction on the basis of current status and the region’s capacities. In this article, the goal is to find an answer to this question: “What factors cause to not utilizing of this region from the innumerous advantages of tourism? The article is afforded on the basis of the findings and results of the studies on tourism’s attractions of Kurdistan state in spring 1389. The research has been planned in a manner that it can investigate both the knowing of the properties of tourism in the fields of ecotourism, historical buildings, and also effective barriers and limitations to reach the stable development of tourism in this state. It has been evaluated the level of satisfaction of tourists from facilities and services of the state, too. Depending on the results, development of tourism is effective in economic, social and cultural development. Also, it has been denoted that the state has no facilities to attract tourists in most fields. At the end, some offers have been presented for development of tourism in the state.

Is regarding the investigations on informal settlements in Sanandaj – Kordestan Province, it indicated that most of the migrations to suburban structures of Sanandaj are from villages; because of economical and security reasons (insecure conditions during the War between Iran and Iraq). On studying comprehensive and formal plans of Sanandaj, it is realized that there is no desirable position for urban low-income classes; their housing needs are overlooked in developing plans. In another word, they are missed on such researches. Hence, one of the reasons that have made urban low-income classes to leave the city and residing out of civil services domain is the failure of attending to their housing needs in formal planning. Although, according to suburban structure positioning and social-political pressures which are involved the state by these classes, civil administrators are inevitable to extend their service zone and official district over the suburban structures and consider these structures in the comprehensive and formal plans for the city. Therefore, this is the informal settlements of which lead the official plans of state housing, while the official programming of state housing should be the basis of housing development unit in country.

Study of the progress of information technology and connections in expansion of coastal tourism industry is very necessary. In this essay two main subjects in the field of progress of coastal tourist are emphasized: 1.Possible measurement of determine suitable places to develop capabilities of coastal tourism by using geographical information system(GIS)2.using tourism information systems(TIS)in the softwares, the internet, satellite and telecommunication channels being important for marketing tourism places. Babolsar, a coastal tourism city is as one of the cities including potential and actual abilities in this field, because of the low rate of accuracy, efficient information and presenting them, the low speed of the internet, cultural and educational poverty and the low budget of coastal tourism causes exploitation of the coastal tourism especially in “Babolsar” to be decreased. In order to develop the low coastal tourism permanently, there is a need for more budget to solve the educational and investigative problems in the GIS and TIS field. Also there is a need for completely performing the researches of these activities. In this study, we make suggestions for tourists and some ones who plan to use TIS and GIS in the coastal tourism.

E-city is reality of future traditional city with use of information and correlation technology and result of outspread in world information and third wave, great development ICT and spread of internet of one side and need of urban management to new ideas in management of cities and necessity of promote in partnership of citizens in other beside, put on us versus portals of e-cities. With change and evolution in structure transmission of information that conquer speeds and spaces, many of movements for emanate of commodity, energy, information in structure of city is insecure of discuss and to get possibility of “e- access” of citizens to whole of offices and inter-city institutes and various information. among in most chief urban problems is partnership of citizens management affairs of cities. ITC but not obstacle for this issue rather can cause of progress partnership of citizens and better cooperation between urban management and citizens various dimension. One of principle in engender this partnership, is to prepare access of citizens to comprehensive, complete, eve and appropriate information in variety and marvelous framework. Hence citizens can present own confessions and opinions via digital medium base of internet and computer networks about main problems, and itself beloved and receives appropriate response and utilities, and contribute in progress of general plans with knowledge of urban perspective. Methodology in this study is descriptive - analytical and data collection methods is based on library and documentation practices, The purpose of study is analyses of communication between the e-city and their infrastructures, in line with the concept of partnership based on facilitating the process of urban management.

Nowadays, the phenomenon of narcotics has become one of the most important problems of human societies. The consequences of this problem are so vast that has been threat to human health and welfare, independence, safety and social structure of countries. The main object of this research is to study of the geography of the territories in which narcotics are cultivated, penetration channels and transit paths of narcotics from eastern borders and its effects on the economy of households, since the proximity to the eastern borders of Iran have increasing impacts on the economy and addiction of household's head. The hypothesis of this research claims that the increase in proximity to border areas increases the effects of narcotic drugs on the economy of households. The research is conducted using causal-comparative and library method. The findings obtained from a comparison of Tehran and city of Taybad indicate that there is a meaningful difference between these two cities in terms of proximity to the region in which narcotics are cultivated, poverty and deprivation, easy access to narcotics, shortage of social facilities, addiction of the fathers of the families. In Taybad, addiction rate is higher than in Tehran. Use of narcotics for pleasure, illiteracy, family conflicts, early marriage, loss of financial opportunities, use of narcotics for improving energy were not meaningful factors. Geographical vicinity to the eastern borders has significant impacts of the economy of households living in the border town of taybad.

Marginality and informal housing are consequences of rapid urbanization and industrialization.Historically, marginality are age-old city and urbanization. Today, the problem of marginality and it's the great dimensions concerned one of the important problems of countries, specially, in the developing countries. This study aims to examine of marginality and informal housing, also, this study emphasis on empowerment. This study have implemented in Gorgan. Research method for this study is survey method. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed among 570 people. Data analyzed by non- parametric and parametric tests. The results shows that there are not relationship between variables of literacy, children numbers, family structure and migration with marginal housing, but, there are significant relation with other variables. Rural modernization and rehabilitation, migration and population planning, rural housing development, marginality areas rehabilitation, informal texture modernization and construction of new – towns are some of macro strategic plans for marginality areas empowerment.

The spatial – formal planning in urban and rural settlements is same as a crave for acquiring sustainable development, that this planning must do with having knowledge about existing condition, potential and actually abilities and recognition of natural, humanistic, economical and formal sections. City and countryside are making equilibrium in own daily activities, However, the role of city is recognized by industrial products, services part activity, handicrafts and depending industries, and countryside shows our roles with producing agricultural products and preparing footstall. One important thing is that human do all activities who live in urban and rural settlements and nowadays these settlements forming needs planning, although, these settlements are completely different from before. The huge part of economical incomes consumes in making house, in the. there hand land limitation in cities and increasing its price even in country sides need spatial – formal planning in urban and rural settlements.

One of the issues in Tourist Industry development in regions with tourist potentiality is to know the strong points, weak points, opportunities and threats facing this industry. Although many tourist regions, e.g. Shemiranat, have received tourist's attention and their attractions have been known to many people but the use of tourist potentialities and attractions without planning would result in destruction of these opportunities. So it is needed to know and organize the tourist conditions in these regions. In this article, in order to organize tourism in Shemiranat, the authors tried to first analyze the strong and weak points, originated from within, together with the outside opportunities and threats, and then offer some main policies to use the strong points and opportunities and reduce the weak points and threats

Rural development is one of the strategies essential to achieve the objectives of rural development, but it requires providing efficient fundamentals and cultural settings. Negative and wrong attitude toward rich culture in the rural areas is one of the barriers that pose challenges to the rural development. This view has increased the rate of immigration from rural areas and most of the villages are abandoned. As one of the suggested measures to cope with these challenges, tourism development through creation of Rural Heritage museums in rural areas provides necessary settings in order to recognize rural culture and life. As a combination of ancient architectural attractions, artifacts, local foods, shows, rural games and music, these museums play an important role in changing attitude toward rural culture among rural and urban visitors. Therefore this study attempts to find out the role of these museums and their influence on rural tourism development. This study is based on a descriptive-analytic methodology and data processing was performed using 60 questionnaires filled out by tourists and visitors who were visiting Gilan Rural Heritage museum. Data processing and analysis of the questionnaires were carried out using SPSS software. The results suggest that Rural Heritage museums have had positive social and economical effects on tourism development in rural areas. Interpretation of the results also shows that highlighting culture and traditions of locals and also recognizing native culture along with job creation are possible through these museums.

As usual Places and classic geopolitics concepts have formed indirection of stable geographical specifications in the world. Not only was this view observed in official texts, universal analysis's and geopolitics reasoning's but also for politicians and poiliticisem, to show politic identity and national policy. History of geopolitics indicates continuous replaces in time that causes unification in the world and stability at geopolitics problems can be considered as a repeated errors. For this reason, geographical realities and tacked place changes in space of earth needs to new geopolitics replacing with humanism so that reply to the criticisms about war and terror, become worldly, environment, and so…, this new geopolitics is humanism. In this article was tried as to conform between humanism geopolitics and geographical realities pay attention to result s of unacceptance sovereignty and geographical restrictions of country. Result accruing on this research explains that geography is one of the most constant factors of power for the people and to deny realities of geography, unacceptance of these roles can obtain irreparable damages on sovereignty of countries and earth then causes increase present criticisms.